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N2 Grammar
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N2 Grammar
～。そこで～。 – So / Therefore (propose a measure)
～。したがって～。 – Therefore / Accordingly (logical conclusion)
～すなわち～。 – That is / In other words
～。要するに～。 – In short / To sum up
～。ちなみに～。 – By the way / Incidentally
～。なお～。 – In addition / Note that (formal writing)
～。もっとも～。 – Though / That said (partial correction)
～。だが～。 – But / However (written)
～。それなのに～。 – And yet / Even so (against expectation)
～。ただし～。 – However / Provided that (condition/exception)
～。ただ～。 – Just… / But… (soft contrast)
～。おまけに～。 – On top of that / What’s more
～。しかも～。 – Moreover / What’s more
～それはそうと～。 – Anyway / By the way (change topic)
～あるいは～ – Or / Alternatively
～のみならず～も – Not only… but also… (formal)
～はともかく～は – Leaving… aside, as for…
～はもとより – Not only… (of course) but also…
～は抜きにして – Without… / Leaving… out
～も～ば～も～ – Both… and… (parallel listing)
～やら～やら – This and that… (messy listing)
～上に – Not only… but also… / On top of that…
～とすると – If… / Assuming that…
～とすれば – If… / If we suppose…
～となると – If that’s the case… / Speaking of…
～となったら – If it comes to… / In the event that…
～さえ～ば – If only… / As long as…
～からには – Now that… / Since you’ve… (must/should)
～上は – Now that… / Once… (formal “must”)
～以上 – Since… / Now that… (formal reasoning)
～にしたら – From…’s standpoint / For…
～にしろ～にしろ – Whether A or B… (either way)
～か～まいか – Whether to… or not (hesitation, formal)
～ば～というものでもない – Not necessarily… just because…
～まい – (I) won’t… / probably won’t… (formal)
～ものなら – If (you) could… (hard/unrealistic condition)
～とあって – Because… (special circumstance)
～ところを – Although… / While… (polite thanks/apology)
～からこそ – Precisely because…
～からして – Judging from… (even from…)
～からすると – From… / Judging by…
～から見ると – From the viewpoint of…
～から言うと – From the perspective of… / Speaking of…
～からといって – Just because… doesn’t mean…
～ことから – From the fact that… / Because…
～のことだから – Knowing… / Since it’s… (their nature)
～というのも – The reason is… / That’s because…
～ものだから – Because… (personal excuse)
～てこそ – Only if/when… (then…)
～つつ – While… / Although… (formal)
～つつある – Be in the process of… / Gradually…
～ないではいられない – Can’t help but…
～ずにはいられない – Can’t help but… (ず-form)
～でばかりはいられない – Can’t just keep…ing
～ていられない – Can’t afford to… / can’t keep…ing
～ながら – While… / Although…
～とともに – Together with… / As… (changes)
～につれて – As… (changes), …
～にともなって – As… / Along with… (and it leads to…)
～にしたがって – In accordance with… / As… (changes)
～ぶり – …-like / …-ish; after (a long time)
～どころか – Far from…; on the contrary…
～どころではない – Not the time for… / can’t…
～るくらいなら – If I have to…, I’d rather…
～のは～ぐらいのものだ – The only thing… is… (minimal extent)
～かのようだ – As if… / as though… (literary)
～も同然だ – Practically… / almost the same as…
～てまで – Even to the extent of…
～はまだしも – … is one thing, but… (worse)
どうにか～ないものか – Isn’t there some way to…?
～もなんでもない – It’s nothing / not … at all
～なくはない – Not impossible / not that I can’t…
～なくもない – Not necessarily impossible (lit. “not not…”)
～まで～て – So much that… / even…
～ようもない – There’s no way to…
～ようにも～れない – Try as (I) might…, can’t…
～ようにも – Even if (I) want to… (often + negative)
～っこない – No way… / definitely not… (colloquial)
～かねる – Cannot (politely) / find it difficult to…
～ざるを得ない – Have no choice but to…
～ねばならない – Must / have to (formal)
～かねない – Might… / could end up… (negative risk)
～ようがない – There is no way to…
～てたまらない – Can’t stand… / extremely… (strong feeling)
～てならない – Can’t help… / extremely… (more formal)
～てしょうがない – Can’t help… / terribly… (common)
～に決まっている – Must be… / definitely…
～ではないか – Isn’t it? / Let’s… (assertion/suggestion)
～というのか – How should I put it… / is it that…?
～ものだ – Used to… / is meant to… / naturally…
～ものか – No way… / never… (strong denial)
～もかまわず – Without caring about… / regardless of…
～が～られる – (Feelings) come to… / can’t help… (spontaneous)
～ことに – To my… / It is … that… (emotion emphasis)
～てかなわない – Can’t stand… / unbearable… (often negative)
～をもとに – Based on…
～をもとにして – Based on… / using… as a basis
～をめぐって – Concerning… / over… (issue/dispute)
～をめぐる～ – Concerning… (modifies a noun)
～をはじめ – Starting with… / including…
～をはじめとして – Starting with… / including… (representatives)
～をはじめとする～ – Starting with… (group led by…)
～に基づいて – Based on… / according to…
～に応じて – Depending on… / according to…
～に応えて – In response to… / to meet… (expectations)
～に沿って – Along… / in line with…
～を頼りに – Relying on… / depending on…
～を中心に – Centered on… / mainly…
～を～として – As… / treating… as…
～をきっかけに – Taking… as a chance / triggered by…
～を込めて – With… (feelings) / putting … into…
～向け – Intended for… / aimed at…
～に関わって – Related to… / affecting…
～ないことには～ない – Unless… (it won’t…)
～ることなしに – Without doing… (formal)
～ることのないように – So as not to… / to prevent…
～ことなく – Without…ing (formal)
～よりほかない – Have no choice but to…
～ずにはすまない – Can’t let it slide; must… (N1)
～ずにはおかない – Won’t fail to… / is sure to… (N1)
～ずじまい – End up not…ing (regret)
～るまでもない – Not necessary to… / needless to…
～には及ばない – No need to… / not worth…
～ずとも – Without…ing / even without… (formal)
～のない～ – Without… / lacking… (noun modifier)
～か～ないかのうちに – No sooner… than…
～たかと思ったら – No sooner… than… (quick change)
～そばから – As soon as… (again and again)
～あげく – After… (finally; often bad result)
～あまり – So… that… / out of… (excess)
～たきり – Ever since… / (did) once and then…
～るともなく – Unintentionally… / without meaning to…
～るともなしに – Unintentionally… (same as ～るともなく)
～がてら – While… / on the way… / incidentally
～に限り – Limited to… / only (official notice)
～に過ぎない – Nothing more than… / merely…
～の上では – In theory / officially speaking
～の下で – Under… / with…’s guidance
～にかけては – When it comes to… (strength/skill)
～ばかりだ – Only (keep) …ing; nothing but… (trend)
～ばかりに – Just because… (bad result)
～ばかりか～も – Not only… but even…
～にほかならない – None other than… / nothing but…
いつまで～のやら – Who knows how long… (complaint)
～にかかわらず – Regardless of… / irrespective of…
～を問わず – Regardless of… / irrespective of… (formal)
～るときりがない – If we start…, it never ends
～次第で – Depending on… (it changes)
～に限る – Nothing beats… / the best is…
～のいかんだ – Depends on… (formal)
～限り – As long as… / within the limits of…
～にもかかわらず – Despite… / although…
～ながらも – Although… (even though…)
～ものの – Although… (but not as expected)
～に反して – Contrary to…
～としても – Even if… / assuming…
～反面 – On the other hand…
～というのに – And yet… / even though… (complaint)
～だけあって – As expected (because it is…)
～だけましだ – At least it’s better than…
～がい – Worth…ing / worthwhile
～かいがあって – Worth the effort; it paid off
～かいもなく – In vain / despite the effort
～というものだ – That’s what you call… / That’s truly…
～のももっともだ – No wonder… / It’s only natural…
～ものがある – There is something… (about it/them)
～て当然だ – Naturally… / It’s only right that…
～というのだ – That is to say… / It means…
～ないまでも – Even if not…, at least…
～切る – Do completely / finish doing
～ぬく – Do through / carry out to the end
～かける – Start to… / half-finished…
～ままに – As… / leaving… as is
～末 – After… (finally; often ends badly)
～次第 – As soon as… / depending on… (formal)
～気味 – Slightly… / somewhat…
～につき – Due to… (formal notice)
～にて – At… / in… (very formal)
～に際して – On the occasion of… / when… (formal)
～にあたり – On the occasion of… (formal speech/writing)
～上で – After doing… / when…; in doing…
～てはならない – Must not… / may not… (prohibition)
～べきではない – Should not… / ought not to…
～ものではない – One must not… / shouldn’t… (rule)
～により – By… / due to… / depending on… (formal)
～恐れがある – There is a risk that… / may…
～次第です – This is why… / I’m writing to… (polite)
～とのことだ – I heard that… / It is said that…
～とみられる – Be regarded as… / is expected to…
～差し支えない – No problem / It’s fine (polite)
～折に – On the occasion of… / when… (polite)
～際に – When… / at the time of… (formal)
～折には – If you have a chance… / on such occasions
～とされる – Be considered… / be said to… (objective)
～一方 – While… / on the other hand…
～一方だ – Keep…ing; increasingly… (one-way trend)
～以来 – Ever since… / since…
～を通じて – Through… / throughout…
～にわたって – Over… / throughout… / across…
～ぐるみ – As a whole / together with…
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