38. ~による/より/よって/よっては

~による/より/よって/よっては
Because of; due to
Structure
N + による/より/よって/よっては
Explanation
Indicates cause or reason: 'due to/because of...'; often used in writing or neutral expression.
Examples
Deforestation is causing desertification in various parts of the world.
Damage from the recent typhoon amounts to 100 million yen.
The declining birthrate is said to be due to people marrying later.
~による/より/よって/よっては
By; thanks to
Explanation
Indicates means or method: 'by/through...'; states how an action is carried out.
Examples
The Internet has made it possible to obtain large amounts of information instantly.
Please refrain from making inquiries by telephone.
~による/より/よって/よっては
Based on; relying on
Explanation
Specifies the basis for decisions or evaluation: 'based on...'; often used with words like data, results, regulations.
Examples
Classes are determined by grades.
The suspect was arrested based on eyewitness testimony.
Discrimination based on nationality or gender is unacceptable.
~による/より/よって/よっては
Depends on...
Explanation
Expresses differences depending on conditions/person/place/time: 'depending on...'.
Examples
Culture and laws vary from country to country.
People differ in their evaluations of this product.
What that person says changes day to day.
~による/より/よって/よっては
Depending on the case
Explanation
States exceptional or non-fixed cases: 'depending on the case...'; implies it is not always the same.
Examples
Depending on the day (my physical condition/work situation), I might not be able to join the trip.
This food is very spicy, so it may cause stomach upset in some people.
In some countries, euthanasia is permitted.
*Sunny, sometimes cloudy; rain in some areas.
Note
1) Easily confuse two meanings: 'cause' and 'means'. → ~によって can mean 'due to/by' (cause) or 'by/through' (method).2) Look at the noun before ~によって. → People/events/natural disasters tend to indicate 'due to/by'. → Methods/tools tend to indicate 'by/through'.3) Be careful with ~によっては. → Used for 'depending on the case/person/place', not for cause.