{"id":5999,"date":"2025-10-28T15:23:49","date_gmt":"2025-10-28T15:23:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vnjpclubwp.test\/ngu-phap-n2\/koto-naku.html"},"modified":"2025-11-15T14:03:33","modified_gmt":"2025-11-15T14:03:33","slug":"koto-naku","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vnjpclub.com\/id\/n2-grammar\/koto-naku.html","title":{"rendered":"\uff5e\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f \u2013 tanpa melakukan\u2026 (formal)"},"content":{"rendered":"<noscript><div class=\"vnjp-noscript\">\u26a0\ufe0f Please enable JavaScript to view the content of this page.<\/div><\/noscript><div class=\"vnjp-js-only\"><section class=\"ai-explain-body\">\n  <h3>1. Struktur dasar<\/h3>\n  <table>\n    <thead>\n      <tr>\n        <th>Bentuk kata kerja<\/th>\n        <th>Bentuk dengan \uff5e\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f<\/th>\n        <th>Contoh struktur<\/th>\n        <th>Catatan<\/th>\n      <\/tr>\n    <\/thead>\n    <tbody>\n      <tr>\n        <td>V-\u308b<\/td>\n        <td>V-\u308b + \u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f + V2\/<ruby>\u6587<rt>\u3076\u3093<\/rt><\/ruby><\/td>\n        <td><ruby>\u8ae6<rt>\u3042\u304d\u3089<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3081\u308b<i>\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f<\/i><ruby>\u6311\u6226<rt>\u3061\u3087\u3046\u305b\u3093<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3057<ruby>\u7d9a<rt>\u3064\u3065<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3051\u308b<\/td>\n        <td>Bentuk tulisan\/formal dari \uff5e\u306a\u3044\u3067\/\uff5e\u305a\u306b; nuansa \u201ctidak sama sekali\/tidak sekali pun\u201d.<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n      <tr>\n        <td>Nominalisasi<\/td>\n        <td>V-\u308b + \u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f + N\uff08jarang\uff09<\/td>\n        <td><ruby>\u4f11<rt>\u3084\u3059<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3080<i>\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f<\/i><ruby>\u4f5c\u696d<rt>\u3055\u304e\u3087\u3046<\/rt><\/ruby>\uff08\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\uff09<\/td>\n        <td>Utamanya menghubungkan ke predikat; sebelum kata benda biasanya digunakan \u300cV-\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u306a\u3044N\u300d.<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n      <tr>\n        <td>Variasi<\/td>\n        <td>V-\u308b + \u3053\u3068\u306a\u3057\u306b<\/td>\n        <td><ruby>\u4f11<rt>\u3084\u3059<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3080<i>\u3053\u3068\u306a\u3057\u306b<\/i><ruby>\u50cd<rt>\u306f\u305f\u3089<\/rt><\/ruby>\u304f<\/td>\n        <td>Sangat formal\/tertulis; penggunaannya lebih jarang.<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n    <\/tbody>\n  <\/table>\n\n  <h3>2. Makna utama &amp; analisis rinci<\/h3>\n  <ul>\n    <li>Menggambarkan pelaksanaan tindakan B \u201ctanpa sama sekali melakukan A\u201d, menekankan kontinuitas\/ketegasan dari penolakan A.<\/li>\n    <li>Sering digunakan dengan kata kerja seperti: <ruby>\u4f11<rt>\u3084\u3059<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3080, <ruby>\u8ae6<rt>\u3042\u304d\u3089<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3081\u308b, <ruby>\u8ff7<rt>\u307e\u3088<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3046, \u3068\u3069\u307e\u308b, <ruby>\u632f<rt>\u3075<\/rt><\/ruby>\u308a<ruby>\u8fd4<rt>\u304b\u3048<\/rt><\/ruby>\u308b, <ruby>\u6b62<rt>\u3084<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3080, <ruby>\u7d76<rt>\u305f<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3048\u308b, \u305f\u3081\u3089\u3046.<\/li>\n    <li>Nuansa formal dan objektif; sering dipakai dalam penceritaan, penilaian, teks yang memuji upaya, atau untuk mendeskripsikan fenomena alam.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <h3>3. Contoh ilustrasi<\/h3>\n  <ul>\n    <li><ruby>\u5f7c<rt>\u304b\u308c<\/rt><\/ruby>\u306f<ruby>\u6700\u5f8c<rt>\u3055\u3044\u3054<\/rt><\/ruby>\u307e\u3067<ruby>\u8ae6<rt>\u3042\u304d\u3089<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3081\u308b<i>\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f<\/i><ruby>\u6226<rt>\u305f\u305f\u304b<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3063\u305f\u3002<br>Dia berjuang sampai akhir tanpa pernah menyerah.<\/li>\n    <li><ruby>\u96e8<rt>\u3042\u3081<\/rt><\/ruby>\u306f<ruby>\u4e00\u65e5<rt>\u3064\u3044\u305f\u3061<\/rt><\/ruby><ruby>\u4e2d<rt>\u3061\u3085\u3046<\/rt><\/ruby><ruby>\u6b62<rt>\u3084<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3080<i>\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f<\/i><ruby>\u964d<rt>\u3075<\/rt><\/ruby>\u308a<ruby>\u7d9a<rt>\u3064\u3065<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3044\u305f\u3002<br>Hujan sepanjang hari tanpa henti.<\/li>\n    <li><ruby>\u5f7c\u5973<rt>\u304b\u306e\u3058\u3087<\/rt><\/ruby>\u306f<ruby>\u4f11<rt>\u3084\u3059<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3080<i>\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f<\/i><ruby>\u770b\u75c5<rt>\u304b\u3093\u3073\u3087\u3046<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3092<ruby>\u7d9a<rt>\u3064\u3065<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3051\u305f\u3002<br>Dia merawat pasien tanpa pernah berhenti.<\/li>\n    <li><ruby>\u8a73\u7d30<rt>\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3055\u3044<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3092<ruby>\u78ba\u8a8d<rt>\u304b\u304f\u306b\u3093<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3059\u308b<i>\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f<\/i><ruby>\u9001\u4fe1<rt>\u305d\u3046\u3057\u3093<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3002<br>Saya mengirimnya tanpa memeriksa rinciannya.<\/li>\n    <li><ruby>\u82e5\u8005<rt>\u308f\u304b\u3082\u306e<\/rt><\/ruby>\u305f\u3061\u306f<ruby>\u8ff7<rt>\u307e\u3088<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3046<i>\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f<\/i><ruby>\u884c\u52d5<rt>\u3053\u3046\u3069\u3046<\/rt><\/ruby>\u306b<ruby>\u79fb<rt>\u3046\u3064<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3057\u305f\u3002<br>Kaum muda bertindak segera tanpa ragu.<\/li>\n    <li>\u305d\u306e<ruby>\u4f1d\u7d71<rt>\u3067\u3093\u3068\u3046<\/rt><\/ruby>\u306f<ruby>\u7d76<rt>\u305f<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3048\u308b<i>\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f<\/i><ruby>\u53d7<rt>\u3046<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3051<ruby>\u7d99<rt>\u3064<\/rt><\/ruby>\u304c\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br>Tradisi itu diwariskan tanpa terputus.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <h3>4. Cara penggunaan &amp; nuansa<\/h3>\n  <ul>\n    <li>Menekankan makna \u201ctidak sama sekali\u201d (kekuatan lebih dari \u306a\u3044\u3067\/\u305a\u306b), cocok untuk deskripsi yang objektif dan formal.<\/li>\n    <li>Cocok untuk tindakan yang berlangsung\/berulang; untuk kejadian tunggal, \u305a\u306b\/\u306a\u3044\u3067 lebih alami.<\/li>\n    <li>Dalam percakapan santai, \u306a\u3044\u3067\/\u305a\u306b lebih umum; \u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f terdengar kaku\/bergaya tertulis.<\/li>\n    <li>Dapat dipakai untuk subjek bukan manusia (hujan, angin, tradisi\u2026).<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <h3>5. Perbandingan &amp; pembedaan &amp; pola serupa<\/h3>\n  <table>\n    <thead>\n      <tr>\n        <th>Pola<\/th>\n        <th>Makna<\/th>\n        <th>Nuansa\/Perbedaan<\/th>\n        <th>Contoh singkat<\/th>\n      <\/tr>\n    <\/thead>\n    <tbody>\n      <tr>\n        <td>V-\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f<\/td>\n        <td>Tidak sama sekali melakukan A, melainkan melakukan B.<\/td>\n        <td>Sangat formal, menekankan \u201ctidak sekali pun\u201d<\/td>\n        <td><ruby>\u4f11<rt>\u3084\u3059<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3080<i>\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f<\/i><ruby>\u50cd<rt>\u306f\u305f\u3089<\/rt><\/ruby>\u304f<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n      <tr>\n        <td>V-\u306a\u3044\u3067<\/td>\n        <td>Tidak melakukan A lalu melakukan B<\/td>\n        <td>Lisan, netral<\/td>\n        <td><ruby>\u671d<rt>\u3042\u3055<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3054<ruby>\u98ef<rt>\u306f\u3093<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3092<ruby>\u98df<rt>\u305f<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3079<span>\u306a\u3044\u3067<\/span><ruby>\u51fa<rt>\u3067<\/rt><\/ruby>\u304b\u3051\u305f<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n      <tr>\n        <td>V-\u305a\u306b<\/td>\n        <td>Tidak melakukan A lalu melakukan B<\/td>\n        <td>Lebih formal daripada \u306a\u3044\u3067; lebih fleksibel<\/td>\n        <td><ruby>\u78ba\u8a8d<rt>\u304b\u304f\u306b\u3093<\/rt><\/ruby>\u305b<span>\u305a\u306b<\/span><ruby>\u9001\u4fe1<rt>\u305d\u3046\u3057\u3093<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3057\u305f<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n      <tr>\n        <td>V-\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u3057\u306b<\/td>\n        <td>Tidak sama sekali (varian).<\/td>\n        <td>Tertulis, lebih kaku daripada \u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f<\/td>\n        <td><ruby>\u8ff7<rt>\u307e\u3088<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3046<i>\u3053\u3068\u306a\u3057\u306b<\/i><ruby>\u6c7a<rt>\u304d<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3081\u305f<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n      <tr>\n        <td>V-\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u304f<\/td>\n        <td>Hampir tidak\/tidak perlu<\/td>\n        <td>Maknanya berbeda tergantung konteks; bukan pola yang setara<\/td>\n        <td><ruby>\u5fc3\u914d<rt>\u3057\u3093\u3071\u3044<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3059\u308b<span>\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u304f<\/span><ruby>\u5408\u683c<rt>\u3054\u3046\u304b\u304f<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n    <\/tbody>\n  <\/table>\n\n  <h3>6. Catatan tambahan<\/h3>\n  <ul>\n    <li>Kata kunci JLPT yang sering muncul: <ruby>\u6700\u5f8c<rt>\u3055\u3044\u3054<\/rt><\/ruby>\u307e\u3067\uff0f<ruby>\u4e00\u5ea6<rt>\u3044\u3061\u3069<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3082\uff0f<ruby>\u5ef6\u3005<rt>\u3048\u3093\u3048\u3093<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3068\uff0f<ruby>\u6c7a<rt>\u3051\u3063<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3057\u3066\uff0f<ruby>\u7d76<rt>\u305f<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f.<\/li>\n    <li>Dalam ungkapan kekaguman\/pujian: \u300c<ruby>\u4f11<rt>\u3084\u3059<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3080\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f<ruby>\u52aa\u529b<rt>\u3069\u308a\u3087\u304f<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3092<ruby>\u91cd<rt>\u304b\u3055<\/rt><\/ruby>\u306d\u305f\u300d memberi nuansa penghormatan.<\/li>\n    <li>Untuk perilaku yang salah: \u300c<ruby>\u78ba\u8a8d<rt>\u304b\u304f\u306b\u3093<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f<ruby>\u9001\u4fe1<rt>\u305d\u3046\u3057\u3093<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u300d memberi kesan pelaporan insiden secara objektif.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <h3>7. Variasi &amp; frasa tetap<\/h3>\n  <ul>\n    <li>\uff5e\u3053\u3068\u306a\u3057\u306b\uff08varian formal\uff09<\/li>\n    <li>Collocation t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean:\n      <ul>\n        <li><ruby>\u4f11<rt>\u3084\u3059<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3080\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\uff0f<ruby>\u8ae6<rt>\u3042\u304d\u3089<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\uff0f<ruby>\u8ff7<rt>\u307e\u3088<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\uff0f\u305f\u3081\u3089\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f<\/li>\n        <li><ruby>\u6b62<rt>\u3084<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3080\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\uff0f<ruby>\u7d76<rt>\u305f<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\uff0f<ruby>\u7d9a<rt>\u3064\u3065<\/rt><\/ruby>\u304f\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\uff08dipisah\uff09<\/li>\n        <li><ruby>\u78ba\u8a8d<rt>\u304b\u304f\u306b\u3093<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\uff0f<ruby>\u632f<rt>\u3075<\/rt><\/ruby>\u308a<ruby>\u8fd4<rt>\u304b\u3048<\/rt><\/ruby>\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\uff0f<ruby>\u7acb<rt>\u305f<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3061<ruby>\u6b62<rt>\u3069<\/rt><\/ruby>\u307e\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f<\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/li>\n    <li>Bentuk atribut: V-\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u306a\u3044N\uff08<ruby>\u4f8b<rt>\u308c\u3044<\/rt><\/ruby>\uff1a<ruby>\u9014\u5207<rt>\u3068\u304e<\/rt><\/ruby>\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u306a\u3044<ruby>\u62cd\u624b<rt>\u306f\u304f\u3057\u3085<\/rt><\/ruby>\uff09<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <h3>8. Kesalahan umum &amp; jebakan JLPT<\/h3>\n  <ul>\n    <li>Penggunaan \u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f dalam percakapan sehari-hari \u2192 terdengar kaku. JLPT menguji kesesuaian gaya dengan konteks.<\/li>\n    <li>Bingung dengan \u305a\u306b\/\u306a\u3044\u3067: jika kalimat bersifat laporan\/ilmiah atau menekankan \u201ctidak sama sekali\u201d \u2192 pilih \u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f.<\/li>\n    <li>Ditempatkan langsung sebelum kata benda: \u00d7\u300c<ruby>\u4f11<rt>\u3084\u3059<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3080\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f<ruby>\u4eba<rt>\u3072\u3068<\/rt><\/ruby>\u300d\u2192 sebaiknya gunakan \u300c<ruby>\u4f11<rt>\u3084\u3059<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3080\u3053\u3068\u306e\u306a\u3044<ruby>\u4eba<rt>\u3072\u3068<\/rt><\/ruby>\u300d.<\/li>\n    <li>Kesalahan umum: \u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f hanya dipakai dengan V-\u308b (bentuk kamus). Jangan gunakan V-\u306a\u3044\uff0fV-\u305f sebelum \u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n<\/section>            <nav class=\"sibling-nav v2\" aria-label=\"Sibling navigation\">\r\n              <div class=\"sib-col sib-left\">\r\n                                  <a class=\"sib chip prev\"\r\n                     href=\"\/id\/n2-grammar\/ru-koto-no-nai-you-ni.html\"\r\n                     rel=\"prev\"\r\n                     data-i18n-title=\"nav.prev_title\"\r\n                     title=\"\">\r\n                    <i class=\"bi bi-arrow-left-circle chev\"><\/i>\r\n\r\n                                          <span class=\"txt\">\uff5e\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b<\/span>\r\n                    \r\n                  <\/a>\r\n                              <\/div>\r\n\r\n              <div class=\"sib-col sib-right\">\r\n                                  <a class=\"sib chip next\"\r\n                     href=\"\/id\/n2-grammar\/yori-hoka-nai.html\"\r\n 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