{"id":5881,"date":"2025-10-28T15:23:49","date_gmt":"2025-10-28T15:23:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vnjpclubwp.test\/ngu-phap-n3\/ndatte.html"},"modified":"2025-11-15T14:00:56","modified_gmt":"2025-11-15T14:00:56","slug":"ndatte","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vnjpclub.com\/id\/n3-grammar\/ndatte.html","title":{"rendered":"\uff5e\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066 \u2014 katanya\u2026 \/ saya dengar\u2026 (kasual)"},"content":{"rendered":"<noscript><div class=\"vnjp-noscript\">\u26a0\ufe0f Please enable JavaScript to view the content of this page.<\/div><\/noscript><div class=\"vnjp-js-only\"><section class=\"ai-explain-body\">\n  <h3>1. Struktur dasar\nJenis kata\nBentuk dengan \uff5e\u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f\nContoh struktur\nCatatan\nKata benda\nN \u306e\uff0fN \u3067\u3042\u308b \uff0b \u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f\n\u300cN\u3067\u3042\u308b\u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f\u300d cenderung digunakan dalam tulisan\nKata kerja\nV\uff08[[R0]][[R1]]\uff09\uff0b \u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f\nBentuk biasa: bentuk lampau\/masa kini keduanya bisa dipakai\nKata sifat -\u3044\nA\u3044\uff08[[R0]][[R1]]\uff09\uff0b \u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f\nKata sifat -\u306a\nA\u306a \uff0b \u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f \uff0f A\u3067\u3042\u308b \uff0b \u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f\n\u300cA\u3067\u3042\u308b\u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f\u300d lebih formal\n2. Makna utama &amp; analisis rinci\n- Mengungkapkan penilaian 'tidak sesuai\/berbeda dari yang diperkirakan' berdasarkan suatu standar yang disebutkan. Terjemahan: 'dibandingkan dengan...', 'padahal', 'melihat ... (hasil yang mengejutkan)'.\n- Nuansa: ekspektasi biasa dari standar A akan menghasilkan B, tetapi kenyataannya C (berbeda atau lebih rendah\/tinggi dari yang diperkirakan). Biasanya bernada terkejut, bertentangan dengan rasa biasa.\n- Utamanya digunakan dalam komentar\/penilaian. Tidak digunakan untuk perintah\/keinginan langsung tepat setelah \uff5e\u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f.\n3. Contoh ilustrasi\n[[R0]]\u306f[[R1]][[H0]]\u306e\u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f[[H1]][[R2]]\u304f[[R3]]\u3048\u308b\u3002[[H2]]Dia terlihat lebih muda dibanding umurnya.\n[[R0]]\u3081\u3066[[H0]]\u306e\u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f[[H1]]\u3001\u3046\u307e\u304f\u3067\u304d\u305f\u306d\u3002[[H2]]Untuk pertama kali, lumayan berhasil.\n\u3053\u306e[[R0]]\u306f[[R1]]\u3044[[H0]]\u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f[[H1]][[R2]]\u304c[[R3]]\u306a\u3044\u3002[[H2]]Tempat ini murah tapi porsi sedikit.\n[[R0]]\u306b[[R1]]\u304f[[R2]]\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b[[H0]]\u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f[[H1]]\u3001[[R3]]\u304c[[R4]]\u3081\u306a\u3044\u3002[[H2]]Tinggal lama di Nh\u1eadt, tapi tidak bisa membaca kanji.\n[[R0]]\u304b\u306a[[R1]][[H0]]\u3067\u3042\u308b\u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f[[H1]]\u3001[[R2]]\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002[[H2]]Walaupun tempatnya tenang, tidak bisa berkonsentrasi.\n4. Cara penggunaan &amp; nuansa\nTempatkan 'standar perbandingan' sebelum \uff5e\u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f lalu beri hasil\/penilaian yang berlawanan dengan dugaan di klausa berikutnya.\nCocok dalam lisan dan tulisan; \u201c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f\u201d lebih formal.\nBiasanya bernada sedikit mengkritik\/terkejut; hindari digunakan dengan perintah\/niat (\uff5e\u3057\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3001\uff5e\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046) langsung setelahnya.\nBisa menekankan sifat 'bertentangan' dengan kata penghubung: \uff5e\u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f\u3001[[R0]]\u3068\uff0f[[R1]]\uff0f[[R2]]\u3063\u305f\u3088\u308a\u2026\n5. Perbandingan &amp; pembedaan &amp; pola serupa\nPolanya\nMakna\nPersamaan\/Perbedaan\nContoh singkat\nDilihat dari standar A, B mengejutkan\nMirip; \uff5e\u306b\u3057\u3066\u306f cenderung untuk 'standar yang lebih jelas\/konkret'\nDibanding A, hasilnya berbeda dari perkiraan\nStandar bisa bersifat subjektif, kebiasaan; digunakan luas\nMeskipun\u2026 (kecaman kuat)\nNuansa kritik lebih kuat; biasanya bernada negatif\nMemang\u2026 (pujian, sesuai harapan)\nSisi berlawanan: hasil sesuai ekspektasi\n6. Catatan tambahan\nKata benda yang menunjukkan usia\/pengalaman sering dipakai dengan \uff5e\u306e\u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f: [[R0]]\u306e\u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f\uff0f[[R1]]\u306e\u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f.\nDalam percakapan, bagian setelahnya bisa dihilangkan jika konteks jelas: \u3053\u306e[[R0]]\u306e\u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f\u2026\uff08\u3044\u3044\u306d\uff09.\nDigunakan dengan jumlah: [[R0]]\uff0f[[R1]]\uff0f[[R2]]\uff0f[[R3]] \u306e\u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f\u2026\n7. Variasi &amp; ungkapan tetap\nN \u306e\u308f\u308a\u306b\uff08\u306f\uff09: variasi tanpa '\u306b\u306f', sering digunakan dalam percakapan.\n[[R0]]\u3068\uff0f[[R1]] \uff5e\u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f\u2026: ungkapan untuk menekankan kejutan.\n[[R0]]\u306e\u308f\u308a\u306b\uff0f[[R1]]\u306e\u308f\u308a\u306b\uff0f[[R2]]\u306e\u308f\u308a\u306b: ungkapan yang umum.\n8. Kesalahan umum &amp; jebakan JLPT\nSalah '[[R0]]': menulis [[R1]]\u3069\u3082\u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f \u00d7 benar: [[R2]]\u3069\u3082[[H0]]\u306e[[H1]]\u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f.\nTertukar dengan \uff5e\u3060\u3051\u3042\u3063\u3066 (sesuai ekspektasi). JLPT sering menjebak dengan membalik nuansa pujian\/kritik.\nDigunakan dengan perintah: \uff5e\u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f\u3001[[R0]]\u304d\u306a\u3055\u3044 \u00d7 (hindari). Sebaiknya ubah struktur.\nLupa '\u306a' pada kata sifat -\u306a: [[R0]]\u304b\u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f \u00d7 benar: [[R1]]\u304b[[H0]]\u306a[[H1]]\u308f\u308a\u306b\u306f.\n\nJenis\nC\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u1edbi \uff5e\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066 -&gt; Bentuk dengan \uff5e\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\nV\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac -&gt; Contoh struktur\nGhi ch\u00fa -&gt; Catatan\n\u0110\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb -&gt; Kata kerja\nV\uff08[[R0]][[R1]]\uff09\uff0b \u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\nBentuk pelaporan 'katanya' -&gt; Bentuk pelaporan 'katanya'\nT\u00ednh t\u1eeb -\u3044 -&gt; Kata sifat -\u3044\nA\u3044\uff08[[R0]][[R1]]\uff09\uff0b \u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\nT\u00ednh t\u1eeb -\u306a \/ Danh t\u1eeb -&gt; Kata sifat -\u306a \/ Kata benda\n\u201c\u306a\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\u201d l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u201c\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\u201d sau N\/na -&gt; '\u306a\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066' adalah bentuk dari '\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066' setelah N\/na\nC\u00e2u h\u1ecfi x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn -&gt; Pertanyaan konfirmasi\nD\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c -&gt; Digunakan untuk menanyakan kembali informasi yang didengar\n2. Makna utama &amp; analisis rinci\n- Menyatakan laporan tidak langsung 'katanya\/seseorang bilang...'. Setara dengan bentuk lisan dari \uff5e\u305d\u3046\u3060\uff0f\uff5e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3060 ketika digunakan untuk melaporkan.\n- Nuansa akrab, percakapan; menunjukkan pembicara tidak memastikan kebenaran, hanya menyampaikan informasi yang didengar.\n- Bisa digunakan sebagai pertanyaan untuk mengonfirmasi informasi: \uff5e\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\uff1f\n3. Contoh ilustrasi\n[[R0]]\u3055\u3093\u3001[[R1]][[R2]]\u3059\u308b[[H0]]\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066[[H1]]\u3002[[H2]]Katanya dia akan menikah bulan depan.\n\u3053\u306e\u30a2\u30cb\u30e1\u3001\u3059\u3054\u304f[[R0]]\u3044[[H0]]\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066[[H1]]\u3002[[H2]]Katanya anime ini sangat bagus.\n[[R0]]\u306b[[R1]]\u3057\u3044\u30ab\u30d5\u30a7\u304c\u3067\u304d\u305f[[H0]]\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066[[H1]]\u3002[[H2]]Katanya ada kafe baru di depan stasiun.\n[[R0]]\u306f[[R1]]\u3057\u3044[[H0]]\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066[[H1]]\uff1f[[H2]]Katanya ujiannya sulit, ya?\n[[R0]]\u306f\u30ea\u30e2\u30fc\u30c8[[H0]]\u306a\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066[[H1]]\u3002[[H2]]Katanya rapatnya dilakukan secara remote.\n4. Cara penggunaan &amp; nuansa\nDigunakan utamanya dalam percakapan akrab. Dalam tulisan formal gunakan \uff5e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3060\uff0f\uff5e\u305d\u3046\u3060 ([[R0]]).\nIntonasi naik di akhir kalimat jika sebagai pertanyaan konfirmasi: \uff5e\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\uff1f\nTidak gunakan \uff5e\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066 untuk menyatakan opini pribadi; fungsinya adalah pelaporan.\nDigabungkan dengan \u3063\u3066\u3044\u3046[[R0]]\uff0f\u3063\u3066[[R1]]\u3044\u305f untuk menekankan sumber: \uff5e\u3063\u3066[[R2]]\u3044\u305f\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066 (dengar orang A bilang\u2026)\n5. Perbandingan &amp; pembedaan &amp; pola serupa\nPolanya\nMakna\nPersamaan\/Perbedaan\nContoh singkat\nKatanya (akrab)\nLisan, santai, melaporkan informasi\nDengar-dengar\nNetral, dapat digunakan dalam tulisan\nPelaporan\/kesimpulan\nFormal, jurnalistik\nBentuk singkat dari \u3068[[R0]]\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\nSangat kolokial; \uff5e\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066 mencakup nuansa penjelasan \u306e\u3060\n6. Catatan tambahan\nMenambahkan sumber: \uff5e\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\u3001\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30b9\u3067\uff08[[R0]]\u3060\u3061\u304c\uff0f[[R1]]\u304c\uff09\u3002\nNegatif\/Lampau tetap sama: [[R0]]\u306a\u3044\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\uff0f[[R1]]\u3063\u305f\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\u3002\nMenekankan keraguan: [[R0]][[H0]]\u306a\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066[[H1]]\uff1f\uff0f\u30de\u30b8[[H2]]\u306a\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066[[H3]]\uff1f\n7. Variasi &amp; ungkapan tetap\n\uff5e\u3093\u3067\u3059\u3063\u3066\uff0f\uff5e\u3093\u3067\u3059\u3063\u3066\uff1f: lebih sopan\/lembut\/terkadang feminin.\n\uff5e\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\u3055: menambahkan \u201c\u3055\u201d memberi nuansa santai, gosip.\n\uff5e\u306a\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\u3088: menambahkan \u201c\u3088\u201d menegaskan pemberitahuan.\n8. Kesalahan umum &amp; jebakan JLPT\nSalah kaprah dengan \uff5e\u3060\u3063\u3066 (karena\/bahkan). \u201c[[R0]][[H0]]\u306a\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066[[H1]]\u201d = terdengar seperti 'katanya hujan'; \u201c[[R1]][[H2]]\u3060\u3063\u3066[[H3]]\u201d = 'bahkan hujan...' berbeda makna.\nDalam tulisan formal: harus diubah menjadi \uff5e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3060\uff0f\uff5e\u305d\u3046\u3060.\nLupa '\u306a' sebelum kata benda\/kata sifat -\u306a: [[R0]][[H0]]\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066[[H1]] \u00d7 benar: [[R1]][[H2]]\u306a\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066[[H3]]\u3002<\/h3>\n  <table>\n    <thead>\n      <tr>\n        <th>Lo\u1ea1i<\/th>\n        <th>C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u1edbi \uff5e\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066<\/th>\n        <th>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/th>\n        <th>Ghi ch\u00fa<\/th>\n      <\/tr>\n    <\/thead>\n    <tbody>\n      <tr>\n        <td>\u0110\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb<\/td>\n        <td>V\uff08<ruby>\u666e\u901a<rt>\u3075\u3064\u3046<\/rt><\/ruby><ruby>\u5f62<rt>\u3051\u3044<\/rt><\/ruby>\uff09\uff0b \u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066<\/td>\n        <td><ruby>\u5c71\u7530<rt>\u3084\u307e\u3060<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3055\u3093\u3001<ruby>\u6765<rt>\u3053<\/rt><\/ruby>\u306a\u3044<b>\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066<\/b>\u3002<br><ruby>\u660e\u65e5<rt>\u3042\u3057\u305f<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3001<ruby>\u96e8<rt>\u3042\u3081<\/rt><\/ruby>\u304c<ruby>\u964d<rt>\u3075<\/rt><\/ruby>\u308b<b>\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066<\/b>\u3002<\/td>\n        <td>D\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt nghe n\u00f3i<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n      <tr>\n        <td>T\u00ednh t\u1eeb -\u3044<\/td>\n        <td>A\u3044\uff08<ruby>\u666e\u901a<rt>\u3075\u3064\u3046<\/rt><\/ruby><ruby>\u5f62<rt>\u3051\u3044<\/rt><\/ruby>\uff09\uff0b \u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066<\/td>\n        <td>\u3053\u306e<ruby>\u5e97<rt>\u307f\u305b<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3001<ruby>\u5b89<rt>\u3084\u3059<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3044<b>\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066<\/b>\u3002<\/td>\n        <td><\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n      <tr>\n        <td>T\u00ednh t\u1eeb -\u306a \/ Danh t\u1eeb<\/td>\n        <td>\u30ca<ruby>\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e<rt>\u3051\u3044\u3088\u3046\u3057<\/rt><\/ruby>\u30fb<ruby>\u540d\u8a5e<rt>\u3081\u3044\u3057<\/rt><\/ruby> \uff0b <b>\u306a\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066<\/b><\/td>\n        <td><ruby>\u5f7c<rt>\u304b\u308c<\/rt><\/ruby>\u306f<ruby>\u6709\u540d<rt>\u3086\u3046\u3081\u3044<\/rt><\/ruby><b>\u306a\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066<\/b>\u3002<br><ruby>\u4f1a\u8b70<rt>\u304b\u3044\u304e<\/rt><\/ruby>\u306f<ruby>\u4e2d\u6b62<rt>\u3061\u3085\u3046\u3057<\/rt><\/ruby><b>\u306a\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066<\/b>\u3002<\/td>\n        <td>\u201c\u306a\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\u201d l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u201c\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\u201d sau N\/na<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n      <tr>\n        <td>C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/td>\n        <td>\uff5e\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\uff1f\uff0f\uff5e\u306a\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\uff1f<\/td>\n        <td><ruby>\u660e\u65e5<rt>\u3042\u3057\u305f<\/rt><\/ruby><ruby>\u4f11<rt>\u3084\u3059<\/rt><\/ruby>\u307f<b>\u306a\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\uff1f<\/b><\/td>\n        <td>D\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n    <\/tbody>\n  <\/table>\n\n  <h3>2. \u00dd ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh &amp; ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft<\/h3>\n  <p>- Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u201cnghe n\u00f3i\/ai \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng\u2026\u201d. T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u0103n n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a \uff5e\u305d\u3046\u3060\uff0f\uff5e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3060 khi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n  <p>- S\u1eafc th\u00e1i th\u00e2n m\u1eadt, h\u1ed9i tho\u1ea1i; th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00f4ng tin nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n  <p>- C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin: \uff5e\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\uff1f<\/p>\n\n  <h3>3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda<\/h3>\n  <ul>\n    <li><ruby>\u7530\u4e2d<rt>\u305f\u306a\u304b<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3055\u3093\u3001<ruby>\u6765\u6708<rt>\u3089\u3044\u3052\u3064<\/rt><\/ruby><ruby>\u7d50\u5a5a<rt>\u3051\u3063\u3053\u3093<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3059\u308b<b>\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066<\/b>\u3002<br>Nghe n\u00f3i anh Tanaka th\u00e1ng sau k\u1ebft h\u00f4n.<\/li>\n    <li>\u3053\u306e\u30a2\u30cb\u30e1\u3001\u3059\u3054\u304f<ruby>\u9762\u767d<rt>\u304a\u3082\u3057\u308d<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3044<b>\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066<\/b>\u3002<br>Nghe b\u1ea3o anime n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t hay.<\/li>\n    <li><ruby>\u99c5\u524d<rt>\u3048\u304d\u307e\u3048<\/rt><\/ruby>\u306b<ruby>\u65b0<rt>\u3042\u305f\u3089<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3057\u3044\u30ab\u30d5\u30a7\u304c\u3067\u304d\u305f<b>\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066<\/b>\u3002<br>Nghe n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ga c\u00f3 qu\u00e1n cafe m\u1edbi m\u1edf.<\/li>\n    <li><ruby>\u8a66\u9a13<rt>\u3057\u3051\u3093<\/rt><\/ruby>\u306f<ruby>\u96e3<rt>\u3080\u305a\u304b<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3057\u3044<b>\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066<\/b>\uff1f<br>Nghe n\u00f3i k\u1ef3 thi kh\u00f3 h\u1ea3?<\/li>\n    <li><ruby>\u4f1a\u8b70<rt>\u304b\u3044\u304e<\/rt><\/ruby>\u306f\u30ea\u30e2\u30fc\u30c8<b>\u306a\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066<\/b>\u3002<br>Nghe n\u00f3i cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <h3>4. C\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng &amp; s\u1eafc th\u00e1i<\/h3>\n  <ul>\n    <li>D\u00f9ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong v\u0103n n\u00f3i th\u00e2n m\u1eadt. Trong v\u0103n vi\u1ebft trang tr\u1ecdng d\u00f9ng \uff5e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3060\uff0f\uff5e\u305d\u3046\u3060 (<ruby>\u4f1d\u805e<rt>\u3067\u3093\u3076\u3093<\/rt><\/ruby>).<\/li>\n    <li>Ng\u1eef kh\u00ed l\u00ean gi\u1ecdng cu\u1ed1i c\u00e2u n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn: \uff5e\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\uff1f<\/li>\n    <li>Kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng \uff5e\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00eau \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; n\u00f3 mang ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt.<\/li>\n    <li>K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u3063\u3066\u3044\u3046<ruby>\u8a71<rt>\u306f\u306a\u3057<\/rt><\/ruby>\uff0f\u3063\u3066<ruby>\u805e<rt>\u304d<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3044\u305f \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh ngu\u1ed3n: \uff5e\u3063\u3066<ruby>\u805e<rt>\u304d<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3044\u305f\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066 (nghe ng\u01b0\u1eddi A b\u1ea3o\u2026)<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <h3>5. So s\u00e1nh &amp; ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t &amp; m\u1eabu t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/h3>\n  <table>\n    <thead>\n      <tr>\n        <th>M\u1eabu<\/th>\n        <th>\u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/th>\n        <th>Kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t<\/th>\n        <th>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 ng\u1eafn<\/th>\n      <\/tr>\n    <\/thead>\n    <tbody>\n      <tr>\n        <td>\uff5e\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066<\/td>\n        <td>Nghe n\u00f3i (th\u00e2n m\u1eadt)<\/td>\n        <td>V\u0103n n\u00f3i, casual, t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt th\u00f4ng tin<\/td>\n        <td><ruby>\u96e8<rt>\u3042\u3081<\/rt><\/ruby><b>\u306a\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066<\/b>\u3002<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n      <tr>\n        <td>\uff5e\u305d\u3046\u3060\uff08<ruby>\u4f1d\u805e<rt>\u3067\u3093\u3076\u3093<\/rt><\/ruby>\uff09<\/td>\n        <td>Nghe n\u00f3i<\/td>\n        <td>Trung t\u00ednh, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong vi\u1ebft<\/td>\n        <td><ruby>\u96e8<rt>\u3042\u3081<\/rt><\/ruby>\u304c<ruby>\u964d<rt>\u3075<\/rt><\/ruby>\u308b<b>\u305d\u3046\u3060<\/b>\u3002<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n      <tr>\n        <td>\uff5e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3060<\/td>\n        <td>Nghe n\u00f3i\/k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/td>\n        <td>Trang tr\u1ecdng, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed<\/td>\n        <td><ruby>\u4e2d\u6b62<rt>\u3061\u3085\u3046\u3057<\/rt><\/ruby>\u306b\u306a\u308b<b>\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3060<\/b>\u3002<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n      <tr>\n        <td>\uff5e\u3063\u3066<\/td>\n        <td>D\u1ea1ng r\u00fat g\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a \u3068<ruby>\u8a00<rt>\u3044<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b<\/td>\n        <td>R\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ng\u1eef; \uff5e\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066 bao h\u00e0m \u306e\u3060 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/td>\n        <td><ruby>\u660e\u65e5<rt>\u3042\u3057\u305f<\/rt><\/ruby><ruby>\u6765<rt>\u3053<\/rt><\/ruby>\u306a\u3044<b>\u3063\u3066<\/b>\u3002<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n    <\/tbody>\n  <\/table>\n\n  <h3>6. Ghi ch\u00fa m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/h3>\n  <ul>\n    <li>Th\u00eam ngu\u1ed3n: \uff5e\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\u3001\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30b9\u3067\uff08<ruby>\u53cb<rt>\u3068\u3082<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3060\u3061\u304c\uff0f<ruby>\u5148\u751f<rt>\u305b\u3093\u305b\u3044<\/rt><\/ruby>\u304c\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n    <li>Ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh\/Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean: <ruby>\u6765<rt>\u3053<\/rt><\/ruby>\u306a\u3044\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\uff0f<ruby>\u884c<rt>\u304a\u3053\u306a<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3063\u305f\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\u3002<\/li>\n    <li>Nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh nghi ng\u1edd: <ruby>\u672c\u5f53<rt>\u307b\u3093\u3068\u3046<\/rt><\/ruby><b>\u306a\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066<\/b>\uff1f\uff0f\u30de\u30b8<b>\u306a\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066<\/b>\uff1f<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <h3>7. Bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 &amp; c\u1ee5m c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/h3>\n  <ul>\n    <li>\uff5e\u3093\u3067\u3059\u3063\u3066\uff0f\uff5e\u3093\u3067\u3059\u3063\u3066\uff1f: l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 n\u1eef t\u00ednh\/nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n    <li>\uff5e\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\u3055: th\u00eam \u201c\u3055\u201d t\u1ea1o c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u00e2ng qu\u01a1, truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng.<\/li>\n    <li>\uff5e\u306a\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\u3088: th\u00eam \u201c\u3088\u201d nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <h3>8. L\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p &amp; b\u1eaby JLPT<\/h3>\n  <ul>\n    <li>Nh\u1ea7m v\u1edbi \uff5e\u3060\u3063\u3066 (b\u1edfi v\u00ec\/\u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3). \u201c<ruby>\u96e8<rt>\u3042\u3081<\/rt><\/ruby><b>\u306a\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066<\/b>\u201d = nghe n\u00f3i m\u01b0a; \u201c<ruby>\u96e8<rt>\u3042\u3081<\/rt><\/ruby><b>\u3060\u3063\u3066<\/b>\u201d = \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 m\u01b0a\u2026 kh\u00e1c ngh\u0129a.<\/li>\n    <li>D\u00f9ng trong v\u0103n trang tr\u1ecdng: c\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n sang \uff5e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3060\uff0f\uff5e\u305d\u3046\u3060.<\/li>\n    <li>Qu\u00ean \u201c\u306a\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc danh t\u1eeb\/t\u00ednh t\u1eeb -\u306a: <ruby>\u6709\u540d<rt>\u3086\u3046\u3081\u3044<\/rt><\/ruby><b>\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066<\/b> \u00d7 \u0111\u00fang: <ruby>\u6709\u540d<rt>\u3086\u3046\u3081\u3044<\/rt><\/ruby><b>\u306a\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066<\/b>\u3002<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n<\/section>            <nav class=\"sibling-nav v2\" aria-label=\"Sibling navigation\">\r\n              <div class=\"sib-col sib-left\">\r\n                                  <a class=\"sib chip prev\"\r\n                     href=\"\/id\/n3-grammar\/koto-wa-ga.html\"\r\n                     rel=\"prev\"\r\n                     data-i18n-title=\"nav.prev_title\"\r\n                     title=\"\">\r\n                    <i class=\"bi bi-arrow-left-circle chev\"><\/i>\r\n\r\n                                          <span class=\"txt\">\uff5e\u3053\u3068\u306f\u2026\u304c<\/span>\r\n                    \r\n                  <\/a>\r\n                              <\/div>\r\n\r\n              <div class=\"sib-col sib-right\">\r\n                                  <a class=\"sib chip next\"\r\n                     href=\"\/id\/n3-grammar\/ndamon.html\"\r\n                     rel=\"next\"\r\n                     data-i18n-title=\"nav.next_title\"\r\n                     title=\"\">\r\n\r\n                                          <span class=\"txt\">\uff5e\u3093\u3060\u3082\u3093<\/span>\r\n                    \r\n                    <i class=\"bi bi-arrow-right-circle chev\"><\/i>\r\n                  <\/a>\r\n                              <\/div>\r\n            <\/nav>\r\n                    <section class=\"cat-list\">\r\n                              <h4 class=\"cat-title\">Keadaan \/ kecenderungan \/ kebiasaan<\/h4>\r\n              \r\n              <ul class=\"cat-chips\">\r\n                                  <li>\r\n                    <a class=\"chip\"\r\n                       href=\"\/id\/n3-grammar\/ppanashi.html\"\r\n                       >\r\n                      \uff5e\u3063\u3071\u306a\u3057                    <\/a>\r\n                  <\/li>\r\n                                  <li>\r\n                    <a class=\"chip\"\r\n                       href=\"\/id\/n3-grammar\/ppoi.html\"\r\n                       >\r\n                      \uff5e\u3063\u307d\u3044                    <\/a>\r\n                  <\/li>\r\n                                  <li>\r\n                    <a class=\"chip\"\r\n                       href=\"\/id\/n3-grammar\/kiri.html\"\r\n                       >\r\n                      \uff5e\u304d\u308a                    <\/a>\r\n                  <\/li>\r\n                                  <li>\r\n                    <a class=\"chip\"\r\n                       href=\"\/id\/n3-grammar\/koto-ni-shiteiru.html\"\r\n                       >\r\n                      \uff5e\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b                    <\/a>\r\n                  <\/li>\r\n                                  <li>\r\n                    <a class=\"chip\"\r\n                       href=\"\/id\/n3-grammar\/hazu-da.html\"\r\n                       >\r\n                      \uff5e\u306f\u305a\u3060                    <\/a>\r\n                  <\/li>\r\n                                  <li>\r\n                    <a class=\"chip\"\r\n                       href=\"\/id\/n3-grammar\/furi-wo-suru.html\"\r\n                       >\r\n                      \uff5e\u3075\u308a\u3092\u3059\u308b                    <\/a>\r\n                  <\/li>\r\n                                  <li>\r\n                    <a class=\"chip\"\r\n                       href=\"\/id\/n3-grammar\/beki-da.html\"\r\n                       >\r\n                      \uff5e\u3079\u304d\u3060                    <\/a>\r\n                  <\/li>\r\n                                  <li>\r\n                    <a class=\"chip\"\r\n                       href=\"\/id\/n3-grammar\/toori.html\"\r\n                       >\r\n                      \uff5e\u3068\u304a\u308a                    <\/a>\r\n                  <\/li>\r\n                                  <li>\r\n                    <a class=\"chip\"\r\n                       href=\"\/id\/n3-grammar\/wake-da.html\"\r\n                       >\r\n                      \uff5e\u308f\u3051\u3060                    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